Health and Safety Hazards: Your Comprehensive Guide

Building a safe and healthy work environment is paramount for the well-being of employees and the success of any organisation. In today’s fast-paced and dynamic workplace, it is crucial to be cautious of various Health and Safety Hazards that can pose risks to individuals. Identifying hazards is a crucial step in creating a safe working environment. By recognising potential hazards to health and safety, employers and employees can take appropriate measures to mitigate risks and prevent accidents.  

Do you know that from 2010 to 2021, around 80,000 workers in Great Britain experienced a work-related illness in the construction industry alone, according to a Health and Safety Executive report? With such a high rate of accidents at the workplace, the employees’ lives are always at high risk. 

But you can eliminate risks to employees and resources at your workplace. Read this blog to explore the importance of eliminating Health and Safety Hazards to enhance your risk management practices. Also, learn about the nature of these hazards and their impact on individuals and environments. 

Table of Contents 

1) What is a Health and Safety Hazard? 

2) Types of Health and Safety Hazards 

3) Health and Safety Hazards in construction 

4) Health and Safety Hazards in workplace 

5) Health and Safety Hazards in hospitals 

6) Health and Safety Hazards in nursery 

7) Health and Safety Hazards in food manufacturing 

8) Importance of Health and Safety Hazards  

9) Identifying Health and Safety Hazards 

10) What are control measures in Health and Safety Hazard? 

11) Employers and employees responsibilities for Health and Safety Hazard  

12) Conclusion  

What is a Health and Safety Hazard? 

A Health and Safety Hazard refers to any potential source, situation, or activity that has the potential to cause harm, injury, illness, or adverse effects on the well-being of individuals in the workplace. At the workplace, hazards can arise from various factors, including the physical environment, chemicals, biological agents, ergonomic issues, and psychosocial factors. 

Therefore, understanding these hazards is crucial because it allows individuals to identify and assess the risks associated with specific tasks, processes, or conditions in the workplace. 

By recognising these hazards, employers and employees can take proactive measures and prevent accidents and injuries, promote a safe work environment, and ensure the overall well-being of everyone involved.



 

Types of Health and Safety Hazards 

In the realm of workplace safety, there are several types of hazards to health and safety that individuals need to be aware of. Understanding these hazards is essential for identifying risks, implementing appropriate control measures, and ensuring the well-being of employees. Let’s explore the different types of Health and Safety Hazards: 

Physical Hazards 

Physical Hazards are tangible elements present in the workplace that can cause harm to individuals. These hazards include: 

a) Slips, trips, and falls: Wet or slippery surfaces, uneven flooring, and obstacles can lead to slips, trips, and falls. This can result in injuries, including fractures, sprains, or head trauma. 

b) Falling objects: Improperly stacked materials, unsecured equipment, or objects falling from heights can pose a risk of head injuries and other severe harm. 

c) Noise: Excessive noise levels can lead to hearing damage or loss if individuals are not adequately protected with hearing protection devices. 

d) Vibration: Prolonged exposure to hand-arm or whole-body vibrations, often experienced in industries like construction or mining, can cause musculoskeletal disorders and circulatory problems. 

e) Machinery and equipment: Improper use or lack of safety precautions with machinery and equipment can result in cuts, burns, crush injuries, or amputations. 

Chemical Hazards 

These kinds of hazards occur due to exposure to dangerous substances that can have detrimental effects on health. They include the following: 

a) Toxic substances: Exposure to chemicals like solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, or carcinogens can lead to acute or chronic health issues, such as respiratory problems, organ damage, or cancer. 

b) Flammable or explosive materials: Handling flammable or explosive substances without proper precautions can result in fires, explosions, or severe burns. 

Corrosive substances: Contact with corrosive substances like acids or alkalis can cause chemical burns, skin irritation, or eye damage. 

Biological Hazards 

Another kind of risk arising from exposure to living organisms or their byproducts is Biological Hazard. Such hazards can arise from the following: 

a) Infectious agents: Exposure to viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites in healthcare settings, laboratories, or animal-related industries can lead to infectious diseases or allergic reactions. 

b) Bloodborne pathogens: Contact with blood or other bodily fluids can result in the transmission of bloodborne diseases such as HIV or hepatitis. 

Ergonomic Hazards 

Ergonomic Hazards are related to the physical aspects of work and can lead to musculoskeletal disorders and other health problems. These types of hazards can arise from the following: 

a) Poor posture and repetitive movements: Prolonged periods of sitting or standing in awkward positions, as well as repetitive motions, can cause strain on muscles, tendons, and joints, resulting in conditions like back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, or tendonitis. 

b) Manual handling: Incorrect lifting, carrying, or moving heavy objects can lead to sprains, strains, or other musculoskeletal injuries. 

Psychosocial Hazards 

Psychosocial hazards are associated with the social and organisational aspects of work that can affect mental well-being. These hazards include the following elements: 

a) Work-related stress: High workload, job insecurity, long working hours, or lack of control over work can contribute to stress, anxiety, or depression. 

b) Workplace bullying: Harassment, intimidation, or psychological abuse in the workplace can significantly negatively impact mental health and well-being. 

c) Lack of social support: Isolation, lack of communication or support from colleagues or supervisors can contribute to a negative work environment and impact mental well-being.

Health and Safety Hazards in construction 

Construction industry employees are two-three times likelier to experience workplace injury than other industries. Let us go over some common hazards in construction: 

a) Working at heights: Construction work requires working at heights, such as on roofs, ladders, or scaffolding, which increases the risk of falls. 

b) Moving machinery: Construction sites pose a risk of injury due to moving vehicles and machinery. Workers may be crushed, trapped, or entangled by unguarded equipment. 

c) Manual handling tasks: Manual handling tasks refer to any jobs that involve moving or supporting a load using your hands or body. In construction, manual handling can include carrying or lifting heavy loads, operating equipment and machinery, and supporting walls and plasterboard. Manual handling is hazardous as it increases the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and other injuries and illnesses. 

d) Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS): If construction workers use vibrating tools repeatedly or for extended periods, it can permanently damage the nerves, blood vessels, and joints in the fingers, hand, and arm. HAVS can be caused by tools such as chainsaws, drills, and concrete breakers. 

e) Asbestos: Many buildings and construction materials in the UK, such as pipe insulation, ceiling tiles, boilers, and walls, contain asbestos, mainly if the building was constructed before the 1990s. When asbestos is disturbed during demolition, repairs, building work, and maintenance, it releases asbestos particles and fibres into the air. Asbestos exposure can result in serious long-term health consequences like lung disease and cancer. 

f) Noise: Construction workers face significant risks from repetitive or excessive noise, such as hearing loss, stress, reduced concentration, and communication difficulties that can increase the likelihood of injury. 

g) Airborne construction dust: Construction dust is a term used to describe the dust found on construction sites. It consists of three main types of dust: silica, non-silica, and wood dust. When inhaled, construction dust can be hazardous and cause multiple health issues such as lung cancer, asthma, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD). 

h) Electricity: Electricity poses a significant hazard, which can lead to electrocution or electric shock. As part of a construction worker's duties, many construction workers, including electricians, builders, plumbers, and decorators, may come into contact with electricity. 

Health and Safety Hazards in workplace 

Health and safety hazards at the workplace might not be as dangerous as at a construction site, but still pose significant health and safety risks. Let us go over some examples to understand workplace hazards: 

a) Manual handling: Manual handling activities in an office can involve moving furniture and equipment, lifting heavy books and files, and performing repetitive movements like typing. These activities can result in injuries like repetitive strain injuries in the hands and wrists and neck or back strain or pain. 

b) Display Screen Equipment (DSE): Display Screen Equipment refers to prolonged use of electronic devices like laptops, tablets, and smartphones, leading to eye strain, headaches, and vision impairment. 

c) Occupational sitting: Prolonged sitting is common in many job roles, such as sitting at a desk for long periods each day. Poor posture and unsupportive chairs can lead to neck pain, strain, and back injuries. Other hazards of occupational sitting may include leg numbness, varicose veins, higher blood pressure and an increased risk of obesity. 

d) Electricity: It's common for offices to have a large amount of electrical equipment in compact spaces. Being aware of electricity is crucial in an office environment, as you may encounter overheated equipment, overloaded sockets, damaged cables, and electrical equipment that has yet to go through Portable Appliance Testing (PAT). Electrical hazards can lead to electrocution, electric shock, and fires. 

e) Work-related stress: Working in an office can be a stressful experience due to various factors that can affect employees. These factors include having too many demands and responsibilities, difficult relationships, long working hours, and a poor working environment. Additionally, some employees may find their work assignments boring, uninspiring, or excessively easy, leading to stress. 

f) Poor indoor air quality: Many office workers spend a significant amount of time confined to one room or area, typically between eight to 12 hours. Unfortunately, some offices may have poor indoor air quality due to factors such as overcrowding, inadequate ventilation systems, the presence of mould, asbestos, dust, or the usage of strong cleaning chemicals. Poor air quality can result in multiple health conditions, including but not limited to asthma and eczema. 

Health and Safety Hazards in hospitals 

The working environment of hospitals also poses certain Safety Hazards depending on the role and nature of work; let us look at some safety hazards in hospitals: 

a) Occupational violence: Hospital staff are at risk of experiencing occupational violence, including verbal and physical abuse, threats, and assault from patients and visitors. These incidents can result in physical injuries, emotional distress and short-term or long-term mental health issues. 

b) Work-related stress: The stress that people experience when they work can be caused by a mismatch between the demands of their job and their resources, capabilities, and needs. Hospital staff frequently face highly stressful situations, such as heavy workloads, emotionally challenging scenarios, and long work hours. The danger of work-related stress is particularly significant, as it can lead to stress disorders, anxiety, depression, and burnout. 

c) Chemical hazards: Hospitals and other healthcare facilities house various hazardous chemicals, including those used for patient treatment, cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. 

d) Infectious diseases and agents: Hospital workers are at a high risk of contracting diseases from patients and their bodily fluids or waste, which can be hazardous to their health. 

Health and Safety Hazards in nursery 

Let us go over Health and Safety Hazards in a nursery: 

a) Food poisoning: Maintaining food hygiene standards is crucial for nurseries that prepare food on-site for children and staff. It is important to ensure that food is stored, cooked, and chilled correctly and that efficient cleaning procedures are followed. It is also imperative that kitchen staff pay attention to use-by dates to reduce the hazards related to the food served, which can help to protect staff and children from bacteria, food poisoning, and other foodborne illnesses. 

b) Choking on food and small objects: It's important to remember that young children tend to put things in their mouths, especially infants and toddlers. This can be risky as small objects, like those often found in toys and games, can cause choking hazards. Thus, removing such objects from the surroundings of young children are present is important. Additionally, nursery staff should always watch children closely during games and activities to prevent any potential accidents or injuries. Food can also be a choking hazard, especially if it is not cut into small, bite-sized pieces. The biggest culprit is foods like grapes, carrots, apples, nuts, hot dogs, blueberries, and sweets. Therefore, it's highly recommended to cut these foods into smaller pieces before giving them to young children to eat. 

c) Improperly maintained and inspected equipment: Nursery equipment, including  climbing frames, slides, scooters, bikes, ride-on toys, and space hoppers, should be inspected and maintained frequently to ensure proper functionality and to identify any damage, rust or other hazards that could pose a risk to children. 

d) Biological hazards: Working in a nursery involves dealing with cuts, injuries, nappy changes, and illnesses on a daily basis. This can make nursery staff vulnerable to biological hazards like blood, bodily fluids, and waste. These hazards can be dangerous if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed in any way. 

Health and Safety Hazards in food manufacturing 

Let us go over Health and Safety Hazards in food manufacturing: 

a) Chemical hazards: Chemicals are sometimes added to food as preservatives, but they can be hazardous to consumers if unintentionally added and consumed. It is because some chemicals may be toxic. 

b) Allergenic hazards: Allergens are substances found in food that can trigger an immune reaction from the body, which can be dangerous and even life-threatening. Symptoms can vary from mild, such as skin irritation, to severe breathing difficulties and anaphylaxis. Some known allergens are celery, cereals with gluten, crustaceans, fish, lupin, milk, molluscs, mustard, peanuts, sesame, soybeans, sulphur dioxide, and sulphites. It is essential to label all food products correctly if they contain any of these allergens and take steps to avoid cross-contamination to prevent accidental exposure. 

c) Physical hazards: Food contamination is a serious issue, which can be caused by foreign objects entering the food during manufacturing, such as plastic, wood, glass, human hair and fingernails. Physical hazards can also arise from natural causes, such as bones in meat and fish, dirt on fruits and vegetables, and so on. These hazards can be dangerous, causing illnesses, choking, or damaging a person's mouth, throat, or teeth. It's important to be cautious when consuming food and to report any possible contamination or hazards to the relevant authorities. 

The importance of understanding Health and Safety Hazards 

Understanding hazards to health and safety is paramount in ensuring the well-being of individuals in the workplace. It is the foundation for building a safe and secure work environment and plays a vital role in accident prevention, employee protection, and organisational success. So, let’s explore the significance of understanding Health and Safety Hazards:

Risk identification and assessment 

By understanding the various types of hazards, individuals can identify potential risks associated with specific tasks, processes, or conditions in the workplace. This enables employers and employees to conduct thorough risk assessments, evaluating the likelihood and severity of harm. They can also take appropriate measures to control and mitigate those risks. 

Accident and injury prevention 

An in-depth understanding of Health and Safety Hazards allows individuals to effectively implement preventive measures and controls. They can recognise potential risks, establish safety protocols, implement engineering controls, provide personal protective equipment, and develop safe work practices. As a result, it can significantly minimise the risk of accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses, fostering a safer work environment. 

Identifying Health and Safety Hazards 

Creating a safe working environment requires identifying potential hazards to health and safety, allowing employers and employees to take appropriate measures to prevent accidents. Here are some key steps to identify hazards:  

a) Conduct regular risk assessments: Regular risk assessments should be carried out in the workplace to identify potential hazards. This involves inspecting the premises, equipment, processes, and work activities to identify any factors that may pose a risk to health and safety. 

b) Involve employees: Employees play a vital role in identifying hazards as they are often directly involved in day-to-day operations. Encourage employees to report potential hazards or near misses they encounter and create an open and transparent reporting culture. 

c) Review incident and accident reports: Analysing past incidents and accident reports can provide valuable insights into the underlying hazards that caused the incidents. Reviewing these reports helps identify patterns or recurring issues that must be addressed. 

d) Consult relevant regulations and standards: Familiarise yourself with the health and safety regulations and standards applicable to your industry. These guidelines provide a framework for identifying hazards specific to your workplace and help ensure compliance with legal requirements. 

e) Inspect equipment and machinery: Regularly inspect all equipment and machinery to identify any malfunctions, defects, or signs of wear and tear. Also, pay attention to safety guards, electrical connections, moving parts, and any potential hazards associated with their use. 

f) Evaluate work processes and procedures: Examine work processes, procedures, and workflows to identify any potential hazards or areas of improvement. Consider factors such as ergonomics, manual handling, repetitive tasks, and exposure to hazardous substances or environments. 

g) Review safety data sheets: If your workplace handles hazardous substances, review safety data sheets provided by suppliers. These sheets contain information about the chemical composition, potential hazards, and recommended safety precautions associated with the substances. 

h) Consider external forces: Consider external factors that may pose hazards, such as extreme weather conditions, natural disasters, or nearby construction sites. Assess how these factors can impact the safety of employees and the workplace. 

i) Seek professional advice: If needed, consult with health and safety professionals or specialists who can guide you in identifying hazards specific to your industry or workplace. 

j) Maintain ongoing vigilance: Hazard identification is an ongoing process. Regularly review and update your hazard identification efforts to account for changes in the workplace, new equipment, updated regulations, or evolving work processes. 

What are control measures in Health and Safety Hazard? 

Implementing effective control measures is crucial for managing Health and Safety Hazards in the workplace. These measures aim to eliminate or minimise the risks associated with hazards, ensuring the well-being and safety of employees. Let’s have a detailed look at some common control measures that can be employed:

Elimination or substitution 

The most impactful control measure is to eliminate the hazard altogether. This can be achieved by modifying processes, equipment, or materials to remove the hazard from the workplace. If elimination is not feasible, substitution involves replacing dangerous substances, equipment, or processes with safer alternatives. 

Engineering controls 

Engineering controls involve modifying the work environment or equipment to reduce exposure to hazards. Some examples can include: 

a) Installing machine guards or safety barriers to prevent contact with moving parts or hazardous machinery. 

b) Implementing ventilation systems to control exposure to airborne contaminants or fumes. 

c) Using noise reduction techniques to minimise excessive noise levels. 

d) Implementing ergonomic design principles to optimise workstations and reduce ergonomic hazards. 

Administrative controls 

These controls involve implementing policies, procedures, and work practices to reduce exposure to hazards. They essentially focus on changing the way work is organised and performed. Examples include: 

a) Developing and implementing comprehensive health and safety policies and procedures. 

b) Providing appropriate training and education to employees on hazard awareness, safe work practices, and emergency procedures. 

c) Implementing job rotation or rest breaks to reduce the risk of ergonomic hazards or fatigue. 

d) Establishing clear protocols for handling hazardous materials, including proper storage, labelling, and disposal procedures. 

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 

Personal Protective Equipment must be used as the last resort when other control measures aren’t sufficient. It includes protective clothing, gloves, goggles, helmets, respirators, and other equipment to protect against specific hazards. 

Learn the differences between hazards and risks to promote workplace safety with our IOSH Working Safely Course. 

Hazard communication and signage 

Effective communication plays a crucial role in hazard control. Employers should provide clear and comprehensive information to employees about potential hazards in the workplace. This can be achieved through: 

a) Clearly labelling hazardous substances and materials. 

b) Displaying safety signs and symbols to indicate potential risks or required precautions. 

c) Conducting regular safety meetings, toolbox talks, or training sessions to discuss hazards and control measures. 

Regular inspections and maintenance 

Regular inspections of the workplace, machinery, and equipment are vital for identifying potential hazards and addressing them promptly. At the same time, timely maintenance and repairs help ensure that equipment and systems are functioning properly and do not pose unnecessary risks. 

Employee involvement and reporting 

Employees should actively participate in hazard identification and reporting. They should be empowered to report any potential hazards or safety concerns they observe in the workplace. Therefore, developing an environment where employees feel comfortable to address the issues. 

Employers and employees responsibilities for Health and Safety Hazard 

Developing a safe and healthy working environment is a shared responsibility between employers and employees. Both parties have crucial roles to play in ensuring the well-being and safety of everyone in the workplace. Let’s explore the responsibilities of employers and employees in more detail:
 

S.No	Responsibilities of employers	Responsibilities of employees
1	Provide a safe workplace by ensuring that the premises, equipment, and work processes are free from hazards	Follow all established safety procedures, protocols, and instructions provided by the employer
2	Identify and assess hazards to eliminate or control them	Report hazards and near misses to help take up timely corrective actions
3	Implement control measures by implementing safety protocols and maintaining equipment and machinery in safe working condition	Participate in health and safety training programs provided by their employer
4	Provide training to employees on health and safety specific to their work environment	Before using equipment, conduct pre-use checks, use guards and safety devices, and immediately report any defects
5	Promote a safety culture by fostering open communication and encouraging employees to report hazards and potential risks	Cooperate and communicate with the employer, supervisors, and fellow colleagues to maintain a safe working environment
6	Involve employees in the decision-making process to increase their commitment to safety	Take care of personal health and safety by practising good personal hygiene, using ergonomic workstations, and reporting any health conditions

 

Employers responsibilities for Health and Safety Hazards 

Following are the employers' responsibilities for Health and Safety Hazards: 

a) Ensuring machinery and equipment must be capable of performing their functions safely. 

b) All permanent and temporary buildings and structures must be strong enough to withstand any stresses imposed on them. 

c) All buildings, excavation structures, machinery, equipment, tools, and places of employment must be kept in good condition to avoid endangering workers. 

d)  Regular inspections should prevent structures, grounds, excavations, tools, equipment, machinery, and work from becoming unsafe. Any unsafe conditions must be addressed promptly. 

e) All protective safety equipment required by WorkSafeBC regulations must be provided at no cost to the worker. 

f) Workers must be trained in the safe performance of their duties. 

g) An accident prevention program must be established. 

h) There must be a safe means of entry to and exit from the work area. 

i) Firefighting equipment must be provided and maintained. 

j) Workers with physical or mental impairments must not be assigned to work where their impairment endangers themselves or others. 

k) No one should enter or remain on the premises of any place of employment while alcohol, drugs, or other substances impair their ability to work. This would endanger their health and safety, as well as that of others. 

Employees responsibilities for Health and Safety Hazards 

Following are the employees' responsibilities for Health and Safety Hazards: 

a) Employees must not remove any safety equipment from machines or equipment. This includes shields from grinders, mixers, etc. 

b) Employees must be aware  about the piece of machinery or equipment before they use it. 

c) Employees must ensure that no machine, equipment, or tool is functioning in a way that would cause injury to someone else. 

d) Employees must ensure that there are safe entrances to and exits from the workplace. 

e) Employees must ensure that the work environment is safe for the mobility of workers, equipment, and materials. 

f) Employees must wear protective gear when using grinders and other work equipment that may be hazardous to the eyes. 

By fulfilling their respective responsibilities, employers and employees can collaborate to create a safety culture, reduce accidents and injuries, and promote a healthy and productive working environment. 

Conclusion 

Understanding the Health and Safety Hazards and taking proactive steps to identify, assess, and control those hazards is crucial to create a safe, healthy, and conducive workplace for the overall well-being of everyone involved. It also helps promote a safety culture and foster continuous improvement, enhancing productivity. 

Gain essential knowledge and techniques for effectively managing workplace safety. Register for our IOSH Managing Safely Course.